A large number of people not related with each other but coming together by chance for a particular motive is called as a mob. Mob is temporary and may not have a leader. A person in the mob acts without rational thinking. Mob is a crowed in action. Behaviour of the mob may be irresponsible, emotional and possess low level of intelligence.


Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’

Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’ mean human relations and programmes. The basic assumptions about human nature are classified by Douglas McGregor into two divisions, viz. Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’.


Theory ‘X’

  • Classical thinkers like F.W. Taylor and profounders of this theory hold that efficiency in an organisation is high when authority in the organisation is clear and flows from the superiors to subordinates without any reservation.

  • Individual should be asked to perform a task which he knows. Close supervision is required on his work. Most of the people do not like to work. They always try to shirk from work. They lack the sense of responsibility. Hence, to get the work done from such unwilling workers it is necessary to issue direction and supervise their work. Thus, Theory ‘X’ takes management as an agency having highly directive behaviour. Here the manager must take effective steps to direct the behaviour of his subordinates.


Theory ‘Y’

  • Modern scientists are of the opinion that may be nature is not what theory expects. It is the circumstances, the philosophy of getting things done and the work environment that makes man to behave the way as the theory tells. This means that behaviour is not the result of man’s inherent nature.

  • The Theory ‘X’ reduces man to the level of a machine and discourages the modern techniques of creative efforts.

  • Theory ‘Y’ adopts that work is as natural as play if the conditions are favourable.

  • Self-control is needed to be achieved for fulfilling the organisational objectives. If subordinates are treated as adults and permitted to exercise self control over their activities, their pride with social needs and food problems are solved. According to Theory ‘Y’ management is not only the direction of things, but it is an act of “making man” and “creating opportunities”. Management is creating man for greater and better work.

  • Obstacles are to be removed, growth is to be encouraged with sufficient guidance.

  • Management is to arrange organisational conditions and methods of operation so the purpose may get their goals best by directing their own efforts towards organisational objectives.

  • Theory ‘Y’ advocates the idea of decentralisation of authority. Job enlargement should be the aim of an organisation.

  • Theory ‘Y’ also believes in the participative management that is to say, people must have a voice in taking decisions about them. Now the management thinks that participative and consultative management is more successful and effective than any other directive form.