Different
methods of design of RCC
1.Working Stress Method
2.Limit State Method
3.Ultimate Load Method
4.Probabilistic Method of Design
Limit state method of design
The object of
the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable
probability, that a structure will not become unsuitable in it’s lifetime for
the use for which it is intended,i.e. It will not reach a limit state
A structure with
appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand safely.
All loads, that
are reliable to act on it throughout it’s life and it should also satisfy the
subs ability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.
It should also
be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after
accident, such as fires, explosion & local failure.i.e. limit sate must be
consider in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety and serviceability
The most
important of these limit states, which must be examine in design are as
follows
Limit state of collapse
-
Flexure
- Compression
-
Shear
- Torsion
This state
corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.
Types of reinforced concrete beams
a)Singly reinforced beam
b)Doubly reinforced beam
c)Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beams
Singly reinforced beam
In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are
placed near the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in
resisting the tensile stresses.
x = Depth of Neutral axis
b = breadth of section
d = effective depth of section
The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the
normal forces , that is,
Resultant force of compression = average stress X area
= 0.36 fck bx
Resultant force of tension = 0.87 fy At
Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,
0.36 fck bx = 0.87 fy At
The distance between the lines of action of two forces C & T is called the
lever arm and is denoted by z.
Lever arm z = d – 0.42 x
z = d – 0.42
z = d –(fy At/fck b)
Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = compressive force x lever
arm
= 0.36 fck b x z
Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm
= 0.87 fy At z
Maximum depth of neutral axis
A compression
failure is brittle failure.
The maximum
depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile steel will reach its
yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is
avoided.
The limiting
values of the depth of neutral axis xm for different grades of steel from
strain diagram.
Limiting value of tension steel and moment of resistance
Since the
maximum depth of neutral axis is limited, the maximum value of moment of
resistance is also limited.
Mlim with
respect to concrete = 0.36 fck b x z
= 0.36 fck b xm
(d – 0.42 xm)
Mlim with
respect to steel = 0.87 fck At (d – 0.42 xm)
Limiting moment
of resistance values, N mm
Design of a section
Design of rectangular beam to resist a bending moment equal to 45 kNm
using (i) M15 mix and mild steel.
The beam will be designed so that under the applied moment both materials reach
their maximum stresses.
Assume ratio of overall depth to breadth of the beam equal to 2.
Breadth of the beam = b
Overall depth of beam = D
therefore , D/b = 2
For a balanced design,
Factored BM = moment of resistance with respect to concrete
= moment of resistance with respect to steel
= load factor X B.M
= 1.5 X 45
= 67.5 kNm
For balanced section,
Moment of resistance Mu = 0.36 fck b xm(d - 0.42 xm)
Grade for mild steel is Fe250
For Fe250 steel,
xm = 0.53d
Mu = 0.36 fck b (0.53 d) (1 – 0.42 X 0.53) d
= 2.22bd
Since D/b =2 or, d/b = 2 or, b=d/2
Mu = 1.11 d
Mu = 67.5 X 10 Nmm
d=394 mm and b= 200mm
Adopt D = 450 mm , b = 250 mm ,d = 415mm
=(0.85x250x415)/250
= 353
mm
353 mm
<
962 mm
In beams the diameter of main reinforced bars is
usually selected between 12 mm and 25 mm.
Provide 2-20mm and 1-22mm bars giving total area
=
6.28 + 3.80
=
10.08 cm > 9.62 cm
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