Valuation
Valuation is the technique of estimating and determining the fair price or value of a property such as a building, a factory or other engineering structures of various types, land etc.
Six important Purposes of Valuation
The main purpose of valuation are as follows:
Buying or Selling Property
When it is required to buy or sell a property, its valuation is required.
Taxation
To assess the tax of a property, its valuation is required. Taxes may be municipal tax, wealth tax, Property tax etc, and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the property.
Rent Function
In order to determine the rent of a property, valuation is required. Rent is usually fixed on the certain percentage of the amount of valuation which is 6% to 10% of valuation.
Security of loans or Mortgage
When loans are taken against the security of the property, its valuation is required.
Compulsory acquisition
Whenever a property is acquired by law; compensation is paid to the owner. To determine the amount of compensation, valuation of the property is required.
Valuation of a property is also required for Insurance, Betterment charges, speculations etc.
Valuation of Building:
Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability, on the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used in the construction and present day prices of materials. Valuation also depends on the height of the building, height of the plinth, thickness of the wall, nature of the floor, roof, doors, windows etc.
The valuation of a building is determined on working out its cost of construction at present day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation.
Six Methods of Valuation
1. Rental Method of Valuation
2. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
3. Valuation based on the profit
4. Valuation based on the cost
5. Development method of Valuation
6. Depreciation method of Valuation
In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all outgoing from the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the market is assumed and Year’s purchase is calculated. This net income multiplied by Year’s Purchase gives the capitalized value or valuation of the property. This method is applicable only when the rent is known or probable rent is determined by enquiries.
Direct comparison with the capital Value
This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the property concerned, but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a whole. In such cases, the capitalized value of the property is fixed by direct comparison with capitalized value of similar property in the locality.
Valuation based on profit
This method of Valuation is suitable for buildings like hotels, cinemas, theatres etc for which the capitalized value depends on the profit. In such cases, the net income is worked out after deducting gross income; all possible working expense, outgoings, interest on the capital invested etc. The net profit is multiplied by Year’s Purchase to get the capitalized value. In such cases, the valuation may work out to be high in comparison with the cost of construction.
Valuation based on cost
In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in possessing the property is taken as basis to determine the value of property. In such cases, necessary depreciation should be allowed and the points of obsolescence should also be considered.
Development Method of Valuation
This method of Valuation is used for the properties which are in the underdeveloped stage or partly developed and partly underdeveloped stage. If a large place of land is required to be divided into plots after providing for roads, parks etc, this method of valuation is to be adopted. In such cases, the probable selling price of the divided plots, the area required for roads, parks etc and other expenditures for development should be known.
If a building is required to be renovated by making additional changes, alterations or improvements, the development method of Valuation may be used.
Depreciation Method of Valuation
According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:
1. Walls
2. Roofs
3. Floors
4. Doors and Windows
And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by detailed measurements.
The present value of land and water supply, electric and sanitary fittings etc should be added to the valuation of the building to arrive at total valuation of the property.
Methods of Depreciation
Four Methods for calculating depreciation
1. Straight line Method
2. Constant percentage method
3. Sinking Fund Method
4. Quantity Survey Method
Straight Line Method
In this method, it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same amount every year. A fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year, so that at the end of the utility period, only the scrap value is left.
Annual Depreciation, D = (original cost of the asset – Scrap Value)/life in years
For example, a vehicle that depreciates over 5 years, is purchased at a cost ofUS$17,000, and will have a salvage value of US$2000, will depreciate at US$3,000 per year: ($17,000 ? $2,000)/ 5 years = $3,000 annual straight-line depreciation expense. In other words, it is the depreciable cost of the asset divided by the number of years of its useful life.
Constant Percentage Method or Declining balance Method
In this method, it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant percentage of its value at the beginning of every year.
Annual Depreciation, D = 1-(scrap value/original value)1/life in year
Sinking Fund Method
In this method, the depreciation of a property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest bearing investment. If A is the annual sinking fund and b, c, d, etc. represent interest on the sinking fund for subsequent years and C = total original cost, then –
Sinking Fund Method
Quantity Survey Method
In this method, the property is studied in detail and loss in value due to life, wear and tear, decay, and obsolescence etc, worked out. Each and every step is based is based on some logical grounds without any fixed percentage of the cost of the property. Only experimental valuer can work out the amount of depreciation and present value of a property by this method.
Market Value
The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to time according to demand and supply.
The market value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous reasons such as changes in industry, changes in fashions, means of transport, cost of materials and labour etc.
Book Value
Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the amount of depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually reduced year to year and at the end of the utility period of the property, the book value will be only scrap value.
Capital cost
Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total amount required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while the value of the property is the present cost which may be calculated by methods of Valuation.
The capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property. To determine the capitalized value of a property, it is required to know the net income from the property and the highest prevailing rate of interest.
Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year’s purchase
Year’s Purchase
Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to receive a net receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a fixed rate of interest.
The capital sum should be 1×100/rate of interest.
Thus to gain an annual income of Rs x at a fixed rate of interest, the capital sum should be x(100/rate of interest).
But (100/rate of interest) is termed as Year’s Purchase.
Capital Sum = Annual income x Year’s Purchase
The multiplier of the net annual income to determine the capital value is known as the Year’s Purchase (YP) and it is useful to obtain the capitalized value of the property.
