Give the meaning of ‘Out goings’. Mention any four example of outgoings and state how they are accounted.

Ans.

Outgoings:

These are expenses incurred to maintain the properly and to maintain the revenue of the property by under-taking periodical repairs.

Following are the examples of outgoings with their accounting –

Repairs - @ 10% of the gross rent.

Taxes - @ 15 to 20% of the gross rent.

Sinking fund : a portion of the gross rent from the property is set aside annually as sinking fund for accounting of capital if the income from the property is not perpetual.

Insurance premium : @ ½ % of gross rent.


Draft detailed specification for RCC (1:2:4) for beams, in respect of execution and workmanship only.

Ans.

Centering and Shuttering :

Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and tight to prevent leakage of morter, with necessary props, bracing and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and made in such a way that they can be slackened and removed gradually without disturbing the concrete. A coat of oil washing should be applied over the shuttering or paper shold be spread to have smooth and finished surface and to prevent adherence of concrete. Centering and shuttering should not be removed before 14 days.

Proportioning of Concrete :

Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportion by volume.

Mixing :

Mixing shall be of machine mixing. Four boxes of aggregate, two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be put into the mixer, then machine shall be revolved to mix materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30 litres per bag of cement. The mixing should be through to have a plastic mix of inform colour.

Laying :

Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matter. The concrete shall be deposited (not dropped) in its final position. Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes. Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrators until a dense concrete is obtained, and within 30 minutes of addition of water to the dry mixture. Concrete shall be laid continuously.

Curing :

After about two hours of laying, when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags for 15 days.

Finishing :

It specified the exposed surface shall be plastering with 1:3 cement and mortar not exceeding 6mm thickness.

Measurement :

Measurement shall be taken in cu.m. for the finished work and no deduction shall be made for the volume of steel, steel reinforcement shall be measured in quintal. The rate for the work shall be for the complete work excluding steel but including centering and shuttering and tools and plants.